Emigrating to Japan

发表于 2022-07-12 分类于日本への低コストの移民 Disqus：本文字数： 8.6k 阅读时长 ≈ 16 分钟

この記事では、主に留学と日本への移民に関する事項を取り上げます。

After a brief discussion with my parents, it came to my mind that there’s of little possibility to pursuade them to provide me with enough money to study abroad, let alone emigrating. So I think that there’s a need for me to find a country or region with lower tuition fees, more opportunities and better living standard.

This article is mainly about preparations for getting a master’s degree and policies of immigrating in Japan.

Types of Higher Education Institutions in Japan

Japan’s higher education system includes universities, Colleges of Technology (KOSEN), and Professional Training Colleges (Specialized Training Colleges that offer Post-Secondary Courses). Under the category of university, there are universities (undergraduate programs), junior colleges, and graduate schools. Within them, universities and junior colleges that aim to educate professionals through a high-quality vocational education are Professional and Vocational Universities (PVU) and Professional and Vocational Junior Colleges (PVJC), and graduate schools that specialize in fostering highly-specialized professionals with flexible and practical education are Professional Graduate Schools. HEIs are categorized as national, public, or private based on the establishing body.

For me, I’ll mainly pay attention on graduate schools✨.

University(Undergraduate Program), Professional and Vocational University

University(Undergraduate Program)

attribute	value
Qualification Awarded	Bachlor’s degree
Program Length	4 years generally, 6 years for Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences(Clinical), and Veterinary Medical Science
Requirements for Graduation	Enrollment for 4 years or more and 124 or more credits earned. (4-year program length) For Medical and Clinical click here
Early Graduation	King of involution or people with great learning ability should take attention

Professional and Vocational University(PVU)

PVU is a type of university that pursues teaching and research in highly-specialized fields with the aim of developing practical and applicable abilities needed to take on specialized work. However, programs in Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Clinical), and Veterinary Medical Science cannot be established at PVU.

Here the table’s omitted, for the high similarity of it and ordinary universities.

Junior College, Professional and Vocational Junior College(PVJC)

Junior College

attribute	value
Qualification Awarded	Associate degree
Program Length	2 or 3 years
Requirements for Graduation	For 2-year program, enrollment for 2 years or more and 62 or more credits earned. For 3-year program, enrollment for 3 years or more and 93 or more credits earned.
Early Graduation	no system of early graduation

PVJC

PVJC is a type of junior college that pursues teaching and research in highly-specialized fields with the aim to develop practical and applicable abilities needed to take on specialized work.

attribute	value
Qualification Awarded	Associate degree (Professional)
Program Length	2 or 3 years
Requirements for Graduation	For 2-year program, enrollment for 2 years or more and 62 or more credits earned. The credits must include 20 or more in subjects of practicum, skills training, or experiment, and within those 20 credits, 10 or more must be from on-site training conducted off-campus. For 3-year program, enrollment for 3 years or more and 93 or more credits earned. The credits must include 30 or more in subjects of practicum, skills training, or experiment, and within those 30 credits, 15 or more must be from on-site training conducted off-campus.
Early Graduation	no system of early graduation

✨Graduate School, Professional Graduate School

Graduate School, Master’s Program

attribute	value
Qualification Awarded	Master’s degree
Program Length	2 years
Requirements for Completion	To fulfill all of the following: 1. Enrollment for 2 or more years(may differ on the std length of the program). 2. 30 or more credits earned. 3. Received necessary supervision for research, and passed dissertation defense and examination on the Master’s thesis or research project on a specific topic.
Early Graduation	Students who have enrolled in a Master’s program for 1 year or more and made excellent research achievement may complete early.

Graduate School, Doctoral Program

It may be too early to worry about this. For more information

Professional Graduate School

Professional Graduate School assumes a leadership role in various areas of society, providing graduate courses (professional degrees) which specialize in fostering highly-specialized professionals who will be active internationally. Among the Professional Graduate Schools, law school aims to provide education for legal professional training, and Professional Graduate School for Teacher Education aims to provide education for the training of teachers with highly-specialized abilities and excellent qualities.

attribute	value
Qualification Awarded	Professional degrees
Program Length	Each school decides the length of the program, either 2 years within a ran;ge of 1 to 2 years, 3 years for law school.
Requirements for Completion	The rules here are a little complicated and this form of table restricts expression, click here for more info
Early Graduation	The rules here are a little complicated and this form of table restricts expression, click here for more info

College of Technology(KOSEN)

College of Technology (KOSEN) is a type of HEI that provides five-year consistent professional education for graduates of lower secondary school, placing emphasis on experiments and practicums. KOSENs foster practical and creative engineers who will support the manufacturing industry.

attribute	value
Qualification Awarded	Title of Associate
Program Length	5 years. For Mercantile Shipping, 5 and a half years.
Requirements for Completion	167 or more credits earned. For Mercantile Shipping, 147 or more credits earned.
Early Graduation	no system of early graduation

Conclusion

Hmm, 整理日本的高等教育机构花了大时间，由于简中找不到有用的信息，所以我使用英文搜索，找到上面这些信息。我以后应该就是读 graduate school 去了，提前有一个大致的了解。

Related works will be done later, I should investigate on many graduate schools and draw the conclusion.

Average Salary of International Students in Japan

留学期间可以申请半工半读，需要在地方出入境在留管理局办理资格外活动许可，每周工作时间限为 28 个小时，假期可以是每天 8 个小时。

76% 的自费留学生在打工，每月的平均薪资约 59000 日元合 518 美元。

Admission Fees and Tuition Fees in Japan

需要缴纳的学费，在第一年包含入学金和学费，总计国立大学为 82 万日元左右，公立大学为 93 日元左右，私立大学为 110 万日元到 164 万日元不等，其中包含的入学金仅需在第一学年缴纳。

如果在国立大学和公立大学读一个两年的硕士学位，两年总共的学费约为 135 万日元到 144 万日元之间。除了学费还有生活费，外国留学生一个月的生活费普遍在 600 到 900 美元之间。住宿费是其中的大头，平均大约需要 300 美元。在房租上，按照留学生打工平均工资 518 美元来算，要么找一个超过平均工资的工作，要么提前准备一些生活费，光靠打工可能不太够用。当然如果成绩足够优秀，来日本之前还可以申请奖学金，如果申请成功的话，可以消掉一部分消费。

来到日本留学，如果半工半读，最低花销仅仅是学费加上部分生活费，研究生两年最低 10 万人民币可以搞定。当然前期的各种语言学习以及考试费用、申请学校的费用、机票和各种前期的准备费用算下来也不少。如果语言没有问题的话，研究生两年准备 15 万人民币是比较保险的数字。

Working in Japan

根据外国留学生去向学位授予情况调查结果，留学生毕业后在日本的就业比例为本科 41.8%，硕士 34.2%，博士 19.4%，其中获得就业签证的占 90%。留学生就业的主要行业为非制造业，有超过 80% 的比例，贸易行业位居榜首，计算机相关服务紧随其后，食品行业位居第三，教育行业位居第四。同时，日本近年来本科以上毕业生就业率连续三年上升。

对此，日本文部科学省指出，这是经济景气有所改善，刺激企业雇佣高涨的结果。这种状况对于外国留学生也是如此。日本社会少子化和人才不足的背景，对于想要留下来的外国留学生是一个好趋势。

就业问题，全世界都差不多，日本大学也是有排名的，留学或毕业于名牌大学的留学生就业率要远高出上述平均水平。例如名校早稻田大学本科生就业率达 97.1%，如果有可能的话，还是尽量申请知名的大学。

毕业后留学生申请的签证类型一般有两种，一种是直接找到工作后更换为就劳签证，一种是还没找到工作，申请留在日本找工作为目的的特定活动签证。绝大部分找到工作的留学生申请的都是技术、人文知识、国际业务签证。申请签证时，出入境在留管理局可能会审查你的专业背景和工作内容的符合程度。

报酬也是一个方面，需要拥有与日本人同等金额以上的报酬。毕业生如果没有找到工作，可以将留学签证变更为特定活动在留资格。特定活动在留资格时间为一年，在持有签证一年里可以继续找工作。当然如果满足一定的要求，学校毕业后第二年也能继续进行就职活动。在日本就职，不论企业规模有多大，绝大部分工作的起始工资都差不多，出薪大多在 20 万日元左右，理工类工作比文科类稍高一些，修士也就是研究生普遍工资更高一些，博士的工资就不定了。

日本企业的雇佣形态主要有三种，正式员工、合同制员工以及派遣员工。当然正式员工的待遇相对来说是最好的，一般只要在日本正规大学毕业，靠自己的努力还是可以找到正式员工的工作的。

说到派遣员工，接下来我们就来讲讲跑路日本也很常见的一种方式，劳务派遣。日本的派遣制度要追溯到上世纪 70 年代，起因是日本企业对于能够开发或操作电脑设备即软件的专业人才需求量增加，人力派遣公司会将一些相关人才当作派遣员工的身份，送往合作企业中。雇佣契约是需要与这些人力派遣公司签订的，所以薪资水平、津贴以及假期福利等很大程度要依赖于派遣公司。

近些年来中国人讨论度比较高的以及从事最多的是 it 行业的派遣，毕竟 it 的缺口是最大的，很多只是经过培训并没有实操经验的派遣员工也有机会找到工作。相对来说 it 行业又比其他行业工资高。据调查日本大部分 it 派遣员工都是中国人，有符合派遣工作相关背景经验的朋友们可以考虑通过派遣的方式先来到日本后期再慢慢寻找更好的机会。

Permanent Residence and Naturalization

日本是少有的永驻权比入籍时间要求更长的国家。永驻权需要连续在日本居住 10 年以上，其中工作时间要有 5 年以上。日本国籍的话需要在日本连续居住 5 年以上，其中工作要三年以上。也就是说如果通过留学的方式，无论毕业后你是通过为公司工作转变为工作签证，还是自己创业，更换为经营管理签证，满足三年工作时间就有机会申请入籍。如果是研究生的话，从留学开始到入籍正好是 5 年时间。

想要更换身份的话，其中的一个重要条件就是连续性一年之内不能连续离开日本三个月以上或者一年内不能累计离开日本半年。其他的还有纳税记录的要求——缴纳国民健康保险、后生年金、保险等要求。

说到更换身份的时间问题，一个不得不提的就是日本在 2012 年推出的高度人才积分制度。根据学历、收入、入职年数、资格证书、日语能力等进行打分，满足 70 分的申请人就可以申请高度人才签证 1 号，满足 80 分可以申请 2 号。一般的工作签证是 1 到 3 年，高度人才签证可以直接发放 5 年期的签证。拥有高度人才签证 1 号，在日本活动三年以上，可以申请变更为 2 号或申请永久居留权。 2 号特别高度人才则只需要一年时间就有资格申请永久居留权。相比普通签证需要的 10 年可谓是非同一般的快速通道。不仅配偶可以在不符合救治资格的条件下获得工作签证，父母也有机会来到日本同住。在工作类型方面，普通签证只能从事签证许可范围内的活动。高度人才签证可以从事多种签证类型的工作。如果你能够直接申请到日本境内的工作，打分又符合要求，那可以说高度人才签证是最省钱又省时间跑路到日本的方法了。